College Home Page

Research Abstracts

Corruption: A Challenge for Universities

(Unpublished manuscript written by John A. Ruhe and F. Byron Nahser.) This paper examines the link of global corruption to the cheating in academe. The problem, causes, and some solutions used in other academic environments are presented as well as sought from the audience. We propose that corruption is caused by both external and internal factors. We also will examine the role of some faculty in failing to stop cheating and the failure to practice integrity themselves that also contribute to the corruption problem. Methods of curtailing cheating will be explored in the literature as well as in the audience. This paper also presents the story of our efforts to improve the character trait development of our students, especially those traits relevant to ethical decision-making (e.g., courage - critical and questioning attitude toward authority and compassion) as part of considering calling for a career.

NAFTA: Some Lessons in Light of the Dangers CAFTA and an uneven FTAA pose for the Americas

This paper was delivered during the International Education Week, 18 November 2005, at Saint Mary's College. The essay centers on revealing the burden of the social cost that Mexico is currently struggling with, part of which is directly linked to the trade liberalization initiatives as agreed upon by Mexico and other NAFTA signatories beginning January 1, 1994. This social cost is manifest in the regress on the living standards of an increasing population in Mexico. We find support for this claim in analyzing (a) the stagnant level of gross domestic product since the late 1990s; (b) changes in the composition of output and trade as a result of "freer" trade, which have made Mexico more vulnerable to demand shocks from abroad; (c) increases in the levels of effluents from the industry following an insignificant enforcement of existent environmental regulations; (d) a general decline in employment and productivity across key sectors of the economy, and (d) an assault on idiosyncratic and cultural values following the displacement of locally grown produce as a result of a brutal lower opportunity cost production and trade.

Mardi Gras: Made in China (2005) Produced and Directed by David Redmon, Carnivalesque Films, A Comment

This film reveals the inequities of global capitalism, particularly, the "disposableness" of "cheap" labor from overseas that is embodied in almost all "lucky charms" and "exchange" beads thrown by carnival motorcades during New Orleans' Mardi Gras. A central message this film poses has to do with the somber alienation of dignity surrounding human work which lies behind "global capitalism". This is wake up call to leave our contemplative state (at best) facing a morale-impoverished reality by not recognizing how our increasing levels of instantaneous material gratification come at the expense of minimizing others' work, dignity, and further aspirations in life. We must bear in mind and practice the dignity and potentiality of labor in others along with our strenuous claims on natural capital, which is embodied in basically all goods and services that we consume and/or desire, if we are to avoid turning global capitalism against us.

Does Fair Trade Pose Domestic and International Drawbacks?

We look at two aspects of trade to draw examples aimed at addressing the above question, namely: (a) Trade from an international and global perspective, and (b) Domestic trade and the prevalence of price distortions and loss of efficiency gains resulting from coerced participation of individuals in markets, an unleveled playing field, and subordinated participation and lack of representation in market transactions. From an international and global trade perspective, we highlight the prevalence of distortions in relative prices and asymmetric trade due in part to the unwillingness of developed and a few large developing countries to remove subsidies and other artificial trade barriers on their domestic agriculture and mineral production. From the domestic trade front, differences in planning horizons, location and distance to markets, the rise of intermediaries in markets, especially cash crops and handicrafts, and peculiar patronized relationships between land owners and peasants are arguably a few of the most widely discussed explanations behind the neglect to reward the individual or community's going opportunity cost.

Evolving Perceptions Concerning the Structures of the Local Economy: How Short Study Abroad Programs Can Impact Business Conduct

This essay proposes a systemic model to address changes in students' business perceptions through short study-travel abroad experiences. It is argued that these short study/travel experiences, particularly to a developing country like Mexico, lead to changes in students' perceptions concerning business practices at home and abroad. Moreover, student's perceptions regarding business protocols and behavior in the context of a developing country can have an influential effect on how businesses, especially corporations, respond to the wellbeing of individuals and communities, which aims at igniting further discussion in regard to corporate social responsibility at home and overseas. The model proposed herein suggests that changes in these perceptions contribute partly to further equipping future leaders with awareness on the struggle for basic needs in several developing countries, namely: access to potable water, food, shelter, healthcare, literacy, and a sound management of natural capital, among others. This essay aims at fostering a vision of social and environmental stewardship in leaders by addressing the interplay between how businesses operate and behave in a foreign country, and the socioeconomic conditions prevalent in that host country, e.g. Mexico. The ideas reflected in this paper are mainly based on a one-week intercultural study/travel experience that took place in May of 2005 and was lead and coordinated by the author.

Deforestation in Mexico over the Very Long Run: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

The rise of deforestation in Mexico partly illustrates the environmental degradation problem that this country has been facing for several decades. This paper presents some stylized facts concerning recent deforestation rates in Mexico. The paper looks at the impact that changes in demographic and economic factors have had on deforestation rates in Mexico across several decades. Using a cross section analysis, the empirical section of this paper tests two effects: First, the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve, after Kuznets (1955), between per capita GDP growth and deforestation; second, the impact of demographic factors, such as population growth and density, on deforestation. There is no significant evidence of either effect. Moreover, the results suggest that the complexity of the deforestation problem in Mexico may rest on conditions other than those modeled via the conventional economic and demographic factors suggested herein. The novelty of this paper, however, lies in terms of how deforestation is measured and in the attempt to capture the economic and demographic impacts on deforestation across several decades.

Consumption, Wellbeing and Sustainable Development

This essay gives a definition and a conceptualization of different approaches behind each one of the three concepts that designate its heading: consumption, wellbeing, and sustainable development. Rather than quantifying or measuring these three concepts, this essay attempts to interconnect them and ask how is it that alternative approaches discussed herein connect consumption and wellbeing in their peculiar approaches to the third concept: sustainable development. Lastly, the essay calls for conscientious changes in human ethics concerning the use of natural capital and alternative means for its exploitation.

The Environmental Studies Minor at Saint Mary's College: What It Means To Take Environmental Issues Seriously

I discuss the interplay between human behavior and nature's capital, in its capacity as source and sink (to absorb and assimilate by-product waste), that is, the interaction between the behavior of households and the source and sink functions played by natural capital. I look at the metaphors used in economics from the perspective of two main approaches, namely: environmental economics and ecological economics. Environmental economics, which stems from Neoclassical economic analysis, assumes there is some degree of substitutability between natural capital and physical or human-made capital. It treats the economy as a closed system in which nothing comes either in or out. In this type of systems there should be no concern regarding the dissipation of efficiency (entropy) of matter/energy. Ecological economics, on the other hand, takes the economy as an open system, which is bounded by the ecosystem (closed, finite, and non-growing.) An economic system that grows within a closed and finite ecosystem is bound to increase its share of net photosynthetic product. According to the second view, the interaction between resources and by-product waste can lead to losses in energy efficiency given the limited resilience of the ecosystem to perform its 'source' and 'sink' functions.

International Remittances and the Expenditure Composition of Households in Mexico: Recent Immigration and International Trade Ef

We use the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares, years 1996, 2000, and 2004, which is a large household survey in Mexico, to assess the impact of the flows of remittances (mainly from the U.S.) to Mexico since the mid 1990s. The essay provides a household expenditure breakdown of these flows. There are several striking facts that surface from the observation of income, saving, age dependency and economic dependency between those households that receive remittances and those that do not. First, the inflow of remittances is negatively correlated with real income per household, which suggests that remittances act as a compensation to income. Second, while remittance perceptions show steady increases at the national level between 1996 and 2004, there has been a change in the composition of remittance perceptions between rural and urban households. Third, households that do receive remittances have higher age and economic dependency ratios than households that do not receive remittances. One explanation behind this third observation lies partly on a higher rate of households that do receive remittances but have no head-of-the-household residing at that time. Fourth, heads of households remain predominantly male; however, in 2000 there is a subtle increase of female heads in households not receiving remittances. Fifth, household expenditures are increasingly more concentrated on final consumption goods and services than on investment and capital goods.



© 2004 Center For Women's Intercultural Leadership, All Rights Reserved.